Dialect lexicography in Japan

En este artículo se traza una panorámica general sobre la lexicografía dialectal en Japón. La primera información dialectal apareció en un diccionario en 1559, y el primer diccionario dialectal se publicó en 1775. La situación actual de los diccionarios dialectales japoneses se describe mediante cinco factores: 1. El área que abarca el diccionario, 2. Los datos en que se basa el diccionario, 3. El contenido, 4. Los editores y la audiencia, y 5. El propósito. El diccionario dialectal puede basarse en diccionarios dialectales previamente publicados, en encuestas originales, o en el análisis de corpus dialectales. Además de una lista de palabras con definiciones, partes del habla y oraciones de ejemplo, el diccionario dialectal puede incluir la descripción lingüística de un dialecto, mapas lingüísticos, textos dialectales o archivos multimedia. Además de los valores académicos y educativos, los diccionarios dialectales son útiles en momentos de desastre. Las nuevas tecnologías han ayudado a desarrollar una nueva tipología de diccionarios dialectales multimedia.Dialect lexicography in Japan is introduced. The first dialectal information appeared in a dictionary in 1559, and the first dialectal dictionary in 1775. The present situation of Japanese dialectal dictionaries is described using five factors: 1. The area that the dictionary covers, 2. Data on which the dictionary was based, 3. Content, 4. Editors and Audience, and 5. Purpose. The dialectal dictionary may be based on previously published dialect dictionaries, original surveys, or the analysis of the dialect corpus. As well as a list of words with definitions, parts of speech, and example sentences, the dialectal dictionary may include linguistic description of a dialect, linguistic maps, dialectal texts, or multimedia files. In addition to academic and educational values, dialectal dictionaries are useful at the time of disaster. The new technologies have helped develop a new wave of multimedia dialectal dictionaries

Superimposing Linguistic Maps to Trace Linguistic Changes

Linguistic maps can be combined to obtain more information necessary for constructing the linguistic history of the surveycd area. The author has been involved in the development of the SEAL system, a software system for personal computers to process data in linguistic geography and make linguistic maps. There arc ways of integrating linguistic maps using the system which will be introduced, including new features in the program, which entail literally superimposing linguistic maps on the screen

Making paradigms of verbs and adjectives using a dialect corpus

The author has been involved in the making of a dialect dictionary of Tokunoshima, Amami, Japan, using a dialect corpus. The analysis of the dialect corpus and face-to-face interviews were combined to obtain the paradigms of verbs and adjectives to be included in the multimedia dialect dictionary. Sentences in the corpus were cut into phrases and verbs were identified and sorted into lists of verbs. The lists were examined to find patterns of verb conjugation. All conjugated forms were examined regarding succeeding forms, and, based on the distribution, a conjugated form was chosen as an entry. In Japanese, verbs and adjectives belong to the same syntactic category and adjectives change their forms as verbs do. Thus the same procedure was repeated concerning adjectives, and patterns and paradigms of adjective inflection were found.Razprava predstavlja izdelavo narečnega slovarja Tokunoshime (otočje Amami, Japonska), ki nastaja na podlagi narečnega korpusa. Analiza korpusnega gradiva in pogovorov z informanti omogoča oblikovanje glagolskih in pridevniških paradigem, ki bodo uvrščene v multimedijski narečni slovar. Stavki v korpusu so bili razdeljeni v sklope, na podlagi katerih so bili ugotovljeni glagoli, ti pa so bili razvrščeni v sezname – šlo je za ugotavljanje spregatvenih vzorcev. Vse spregane oblike so bile pregledane glede na oblike, ki jim sledijo, nato pa je bila na podlagi distribucije spregana oblika izbrana za geslo. V japonščini pripadajo glagoli in pridevniki isti sintaktični kategoriji (pridevniki spreminjajo svoje oblike tako kot glagoli). Enak postopek je bil ponovljen tudi pri pridevnikih – poiskani so bili vzorci in paradigme pridevniškega pregibanja

Superimposing Linguistic Maps to Trace Linguistic Changes

Linguistic maps can be combined to obtain more information necessary for constructing the linguistic history of the surveycd area. The author has been involved in the development of the SEAL system, a software system for personal computers to process data in linguistic geography and make linguistic maps. There arc ways of integrating linguistic maps using the system which will be introduced, including new features in the program, which entail literally superimposing linguistic maps on the screen

How rip weaving spread in Japan: Interpreting maps of words and referents

Rip weaving is a way of weaving a fabric using rip cloth as crosswise yarn on a loom. The textile spread during the Edo Period (1603-1868) after cotton was introduced to Japan. The old cotton cloths were used to make a typical sakiori fabric. There are three groups of words denoting rip weaving: sakiori, cuzure, and boro. Sakiori literally means rip weaving (saki “rip” + ori “weaving”), while cuzure and boro mean “rags or tattered clothes”. Interestingly the referents of sakiori extended to 1) traditional fabric which is woven using hemp (asa), Japanese wisteria (fuji), false nettle (karamushi), etc., 2) newer fabric which is woven using cotton threads as crosswise and lengthwise threads, and 3) work clothes in general, which are not always made of sakiori fabric. This might be caused by the phonetic changes of sakiori words (sakkyori, sakkori, sakkuri, zakkuri etc.). On the other hand, cuzure is used for clothes made by rip weaving in some areas while it is used for clothes made by quilting (sashiko) in other areas. Boro is mainly used for sashes made by rip weaving. The distributions of the forms and the referents show the variation and change of words related with rip weaving

Dialect lexicography

He aquí una breve presentación de los artículos publicados en este número extraordinario dedicado a la lexicografía dialectal y a los resultados obtenidos de los diferentes proyectos en curso. Los trabajos se centran en diversos aspectos de la presencia de los dialectos en diccionarios ya publicados, algunos de ellos históricos, así como en los contemporáneos, que contribuyen a registrar tanto las variedades lingüísticas que están en peligro de desaparecer como el producto de los nuevos contactos e intercambios lingüísticos.We briefly introduce the papers in this special issue of Dialectologia devoted to dialect lexicography and to the results obtained from different on-going projects. The papers focus on several aspects of the presence of dialects in dictionaries already published, some of them historical, as well as contemporary ones, which help to register both linguistic varieties that are at danger of disappearing as the results of new contacts and language exchanges

世界の言語地図作成・活用状況に見る言語地理学の現状と課題

県立新潟女子短期大学Niigata Women\u27s Collegeアジアとヨーロッパの言語地理学者による各地の言語地図作成状況と活用方法についての国際シンポジウムでの発表をもとに,世界の言語地理学の現状と課題を概括する。まず,言語地図作成は,方言境界線の画定のため,あるいは地図の分布から歴史を読み取るために行われてきた。さらに言語学の実験や訓練の場という性格もある。地図化にあたり,等語線をひいて境界を示すこともできるが,言語の推移を示すには,記号地図が有用である。また,伝統方言の衰退もあって社会言語学との融合が起き,日本ではグロットグラムのような新しい調査法が生まれた。情報技術の導入により,言語地図作成のためのデータは言語データベースあるいは言語コーパスという性格が強まった。コンピュータを利用した言語地図の作成には,1．電子データ化,2．一定の基準によるデータの選択・地図化,3．他のデータとの比較・総合・重ね合わせ・関連付け,4．言語地図の発表・公開,という4段階がある。最後に,言語地図作成の課題は,言語データの共有・統合,そして成果の公開である。Current trends and future tasks of geolinguistics are reviewed based on lectures at an international symposium on geolinguistics around the world, which were given by geolinguists working on Asian and European language data. Linguistic maps have been made in order to discover dialect boundaries or to read a history from geographic distributions. They also have the characters as a place for linguistic experiments and for the training in linguistics. Linguistic variation can be expressed using isoglosses, but symbol maps are effective to show transitional zones. Geolinguistics merged with sociolinguistics. This was partly caused by the decline of traditional dialects. Linguistic maps reflect the language of one generation, and Japanese geolinguists sought for the language of more than one generation and produced new approaches such as glottograms. After computer-assisted map-making started, the geolinguistic data came to be considered as a linguistic database. There are four steps in the process of map-making using a computer, and accomplishments at each step are discussed: 1) Electronic data production, 2) Sorting and mapping data, 3) Comparing, integrating, superimposing, and linking data, and 4) Publishing linguistic maps. The third step includes integrating linguistic data from different items, introducing GIS (Geographic Information System) and superimposing maps with each other, comparing old materials and new materials, linking with multimedia information, and applying statistical analysis. Finally, the future tasks of geolinguistics are to share and integrate linguistic data and to publish research results, not only linguistic maps but also original data

The future of dialects: Selected papers from Methods in Dialectology XV

Traditional dialects have been encroached upon by the increasing mobility of their speakers and by the onslaught of national languages in education and mass media. Typically, older dialects are “leveling” to become more like national languages. This is regrettable when the last articulate traces of a culture are lost, but it also promotes a complex dynamics of interaction as speakers shift from dialect to standard and to intermediate compromises between the two in their forms of speech. Varieties of speech thus live on in modern communities, where they still function to mark provenance, but increasingly cultural and social provenance as opposed to pure geography. They arise at times from the need to function throughout the different groups in society, but they also may have roots in immigrants’ speech, and just as certainly from the ineluctable dynamics of groups wishing to express their identity to themselves and to the world. The future of dialects is a selection of the papers presented at Methods in Dialectology XV, held in Groningen, the Netherlands, 11-15 August 2014. While the focus is on methodology, the volume also includes specialized studies on varieties of Catalan, Breton, Croatian, (Belgian) Dutch, English (in the US, the UK and in Japan), German (including Swiss German), Italian (including Tyrolean Italian), Japanese, and Spanish as well as on heritage languages in Canada